Showing posts with label Particulate Nature of Matter. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Particulate Nature of Matter. Show all posts
CHAPTER 1 Heating and Cooling Curves Notes IGCSE Cambridge
Changes of states can be explained by using the idea that particles are constantly in motion .
This is called the kinetic particle theory
we can explain a heating curve using ideas about the energy and motion of the particles.
CHAPTER 1 States of Matter Introduction Notes IGCSE Cambridge
States of matter
Anything around us that has mass and takes space is called MatterMatter can be available as one of three states
CHAPTER 1 The particulate nature of matter Diffusion Notes Cambridge IGCSE
Diffusion is the free movement of particles of matter freely in all directions due to random motion
CHAPTER 1 Particulate Nature of Matter QUESTIONS 1 IGCSE Cambridge
Question Page 2
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CHAPTER 1 Particulate Nature of Matter learning outcomes IGCSE Cambridge
1. Know that all matter is made of particles
2. Compare All matter states according to arrangement of particles and how close they are together
3. Describe the attraction forces between these particles , and the type and speed of particles motion
4. Compare physical and chemical changes to matter
5. Explain what is meant by
Evaporation
Boiling
Condensation
Melting
Freezing
Sublimation
6. Show how changes of physical states can be explained according to kinetic theory
relating effect of temperature change on particles movement , kind of attraction forces and the effect on matter structure
7. Effect of temperature and pressure on motion of gas particles
8. Explain Random motion of particles (Brownian motion) and how particles random movement and collision in liquids and gases prove the kinetic theory of matter , and how particles move randomly due to being bombarded by other moving particles
9 Define and understand what is Diffusion
as movement of particles from high to low concentration
10 Understand why diffusion occurs only in liquid and gas states but not in solid state
11 Describe and explain how the rate of diffusion depends on molecular mass
and how the smaller the mass the greater the average speed of molecules
(all molecules have same average kinetic energy at the same temperature , so smaller molecules make particles diffuse faster
Particles
Everything around us is made of very small pieces called particles
The smallest particles around as is atoms , these are very small particles that cannot be broken down further by any chemical means
In some substances, the particles are just single atoms.
For example argon, a gas found in air, is made up of single argon atoms.
you can see in the picture how each atom is separate from the others in the argon gas
In many substances, the particles consist of two or more atoms joined together. These particles are called molecules. Water, bromine, and the gases nitrogen and oxygen in air, are made up of molecules.
you can see the previous picture for a water molecules , each water molecule is represented by one red ball (indicating the oxygen atom ) joined to two white balls (indicating the hydrogen atoms) so each water particle is called a molecule , each molecule is made of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen)
In other substances the particles consist of atoms or groups of atoms that carry a charge. These particles are called ions. Potassium manganate(VII) is made of ions.
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